Go-深入理解HTTP Client

type Client struct {
    // HTTP Requests的
	Transport RoundTripper

    // HTTP重定向
	CheckRedirect func(req *Request, via []*Request) error

    // Cookie
	Jar CookieJar

    // 客户端请求的超时时间，默认为0，代表永远不超时
	Timeout time.Duration
}

type Transport struct {
	idleMu     sync.Mutex
    wantIdle   bool                                // user has requested to close all idle conns
    // connectMethodKey 是一个map key，保存了proxy, schema, addr，然后排列生成一个字符串
	idleConn   map[connectMethodKey][]*persistConn // 从最近到最晚
	idleConnCh map[connectMethodKey]chan *persistConn 
	idleLRU    connLRU

	reqMu       sync.Mutex
	reqCanceler map[*Request]func(error)

	altMu    sync.Mutex   // guards changing altProto only
	altProto atomic.Value // of nil or map[string]RoundTripper, key is URI scheme

	connCountMu          sync.Mutex
	connPerHostCount     map[connectMethodKey]int
	connPerHostAvailable map[connectMethodKey]chan struct{}

	// Proxy specifies a function to return a proxy for a given
	// Request. If the function returns a non-nil error, the
	// request is aborted with the provided error.
	//
	// The proxy type is determined by the URL scheme. "http",
	// "https", and "socks5" are supported. If the scheme is empty,
	// "http" is assumed.
	//
	// If Proxy is nil or returns a nil *URL, no proxy is used.
	Proxy func(*Request) (*url.URL, error)

	// DialContext specifies the dial function for creating unencrypted TCP connections.
	// If DialContext is nil (and the deprecated Dial below is also nil),
	// then the transport dials using package net.
	//
	// DialContext runs concurrently with calls to RoundTrip.
	// A RoundTrip call that initiates a dial may end up using
	// a connection dialed previously when the earlier connection
	// becomes idle before the later DialContext completes.
	DialContext func(ctx context.Context, network, addr string) (net.Conn, error)

	// Dial specifies the dial function for creating unencrypted TCP connections.
	//
	// Dial runs concurrently with calls to RoundTrip.
	// A RoundTrip call that initiates a dial may end up using
	// a connection dialed previously when the earlier connection
	// becomes idle before the later Dial completes.
	//
	// Deprecated: Use DialContext instead, which allows the transport
	// to cancel dials as soon as they are no longer needed.
	// If both are set, DialContext takes priority.
	Dial func(network, addr string) (net.Conn, error)

	// DialTLS specifies an optional dial function for creating
	// TLS connections for non-proxied HTTPS requests.
	//
	// If DialTLS is nil, Dial and TLSClientConfig are used.
	//
	// If DialTLS is set, the Dial hook is not used for HTTPS
	// requests and the TLSClientConfig and TLSHandshakeTimeout
	// are ignored. The returned net.Conn is assumed to already be
	// past the TLS handshake.
	DialTLS func(network, addr string) (net.Conn, error)

	// TLSClientConfig specifies the TLS configuration to use with
	// tls.Client.
	// If nil, the default configuration is used.
	// If non-nil, HTTP/2 support may not be enabled by default.
	TLSClientConfig *tls.Config

	// TLSHandshakeTimeout specifies the maximum amount of time waiting to
	// wait for a TLS handshake. Zero means no timeout.
	TLSHandshakeTimeout time.Duration

	// DisableKeepAlives, if true, disables HTTP keep-alives and
	// will only use the connection to the server for a single
	// HTTP request.
	//
	// This is unrelated to the similarly named TCP keep-alives.
	DisableKeepAlives bool

	// DisableCompression, if true, prevents the Transport from
	// requesting compression with an "Accept-Encoding: gzip"
	// request header when the Request contains no existing
	// Accept-Encoding value. If the Transport requests gzip on
	// its own and gets a gzipped response, it's transparently
	// decoded in the Response.Body. However, if the user
	// explicitly requested gzip it is not automatically
	// uncompressed.
	DisableCompression bool

	// MaxIdleConns controls the maximum number of idle (keep-alive)
    // connections across all hosts. Zero means no limit.
    // 所有host的最大空闲连接数
	MaxIdleConns int

	// MaxIdleConnsPerHost, if non-zero, controls the maximum idle
	// (keep-alive) connections to keep per-host. If zero,
    // DefaultMaxIdleConnsPerHost is used.
    // 每个host的最大空闲连接数
	MaxIdleConnsPerHost int

	// MaxConnsPerHost optionally limits the total number of
	// connections per host, including connections in the dialing,
	// active, and idle states. On limit violation, dials will block.
	//
	// Zero means no limit.
	//
	// For HTTP/2, this currently only controls the number of new
	// connections being created at a time, instead of the total
	// number. In practice, hosts using HTTP/2 only have about one
    // idle connection, though.
    // 每个host的最大连接数
	MaxConnsPerHost int

	// IdleConnTimeout is the maximum amount of time an idle
	// (keep-alive) connection will remain idle before closing
	// itself.
    // Zero means no limit.
    // 空闲连接的过期时间
	IdleConnTimeout time.Duration

	// ResponseHeaderTimeout, if non-zero, specifies the amount of
	// time to wait for a server's response headers after fully
	// writing the request (including its body, if any). This
	// time does not include the time to read the response body.
	ResponseHeaderTimeout time.Duration

	// ExpectContinueTimeout, if non-zero, specifies the amount of
	// time to wait for a server's first response headers after fully
	// writing the request headers if the request has an
	// "Expect: 100-continue" header. Zero means no timeout and
	// causes the body to be sent immediately, without
	// waiting for the server to approve.
	// This time does not include the time to send the request header.
	ExpectContinueTimeout time.Duration

	// TLSNextProto specifies how the Transport switches to an
	// alternate protocol (such as HTTP/2) after a TLS NPN/ALPN
	// protocol negotiation. If Transport dials an TLS connection
	// with a non-empty protocol name and TLSNextProto contains a
	// map entry for that key (such as "h2"), then the func is
	// called with the request's authority (such as "example.com"
	// or "example.com:1234") and the TLS connection. The function
	// must return a RoundTripper that then handles the request.
	// If TLSNextProto is not nil, HTTP/2 support is not enabled
	// automatically.
	TLSNextProto map[string]func(authority string, c *tls.Conn) RoundTripper

	// ProxyConnectHeader optionally specifies headers to send to
	// proxies during CONNECT requests.
	ProxyConnectHeader Header

	// MaxResponseHeaderBytes specifies a limit on how many
	// response bytes are allowed in the server's response
	// header.
	//
	// Zero means to use a default limit.
	MaxResponseHeaderBytes int64

	// nextProtoOnce guards initialization of TLSNextProto and
	// h2transport (via onceSetNextProtoDefaults)
	nextProtoOnce sync.Once
	h2transport   h2Transport // non-nil if http2 wired up
}

type persistConn struct {
	// alt optionally specifies the TLS NextProto RoundTripper.
	// This is used for HTTP/2 today and future protocols later.
	// If it's non-nil, the rest of the fields are unused.
	alt RoundTripper

	t         *Transport
	cacheKey  connectMethodKey
	conn      net.Conn
	tlsState  *tls.ConnectionState
	br        *bufio.Reader       // from conn
	bw        *bufio.Writer       // to conn
	nwrite    int64               // bytes written
	// roundTrip 写， readLoop 读
	reqch     chan requestAndChan // written by roundTrip; read by readLoop
	// roundTrip 写，writeLoop读
	writech   chan writeRequest   // written by roundTrip; read by writeLoop
	// 当连接closed，该chan会被close
	closech   chan struct{}       // closed when conn closed
	isProxy   bool
	sawEOF    bool  // whether we've seen EOF from conn; owned by readLoop
	readLimit int64 // bytes allowed to be read; owned by readLoop
	// writeErrCh passes the request write error (usually nil)
	// from the writeLoop goroutine to the readLoop which passes
	// it off to the res.Body reader, which then uses it to decide
	// whether or not a connection can be reused. Issue 7569.
	writeErrCh chan error

	writeLoopDone chan struct{} // closed when write loop ends

	// Both guarded by Transport.idleMu:
	idleAt    time.Time   // time it last become idle
	idleTimer *time.Timer // holding an AfterFunc to close it

	mu                   sync.Mutex // guards following fields
	numExpectedResponses int
	// 如果closed，则为非nil
	closed               error // set non-nil when conn is closed, before closech is closed
	canceledErr          error // set non-nil if conn is canceled
	// 如果broken为true，则该链接不会复用
	broken               bool  // an error has happened on this connection; marked broken so it's not reused.
	reused               bool  // whether conn has had successful request/response and is being reused.
	// mutateHeaderFunc is an optional func to modify extra
	// headers on each outbound request before it's written. (the
	// original Request given to RoundTrip is not modified)
	mutateHeaderFunc func(Header)
}

var DefaultTransport RoundTripper = &Transport{
	Proxy: ProxyFromEnvironment,
	DialContext: (&net.Dialer{
		Timeout:   30 * time.Second,
		KeepAlive: 30 * time.Second,
		DualStack: true,
	}).DialContext,
	MaxIdleConns:          100,
	IdleConnTimeout:       90 * time.Second,
	TLSHandshakeTimeout:   10 * time.Second,
	ExpectContinueTimeout: 1 * time.Second,
}

// Do也是直接调用do
func (c *Client) do(req *Request) (retres *Response, reterr error) {
	if testHookClientDoResult != nil {
		defer func() { testHookClientDoResult(retres, reterr) }()
	}
	if req.URL == nil {
		req.closeBody()
		return nil, &url.Error{
			Op:  urlErrorOp(req.Method),
			Err: errors.New("http: nil Request.URL"),
		}
	}

	var (
		deadline      = c.deadline()
		reqs          []*Request
		resp          *Response
		copyHeaders   = c.makeHeadersCopier(req)
		reqBodyClosed = false // have we closed the current req.Body?

		// Redirect behavior:
		redirectMethod string
		includeBody    bool
	)
	uerr := func(err error) error {
		// the body may have been closed already by c.send()
		if !reqBodyClosed {
			// closeBody 其实也是调用Body.Close
			req.closeBody()
		}
		var urlStr string
		if resp != nil && resp.Request != nil {
			urlStr = stripPassword(resp.Request.URL)
		} else {
			urlStr = stripPassword(req.URL)
		}
		return &url.Error{
			Op:  urlErrorOp(reqs[0].Method),
			URL: urlStr,
			Err: err,
		}
	}
	for {
		// For all but the first request, create the next
		// request hop and replace req.
		if len(reqs) > 0 {
			loc := resp.Header.Get("Location")
			if loc == "" {
				resp.closeBody()
				return nil, uerr(fmt.Errorf("%d response missing Location header", resp.StatusCode))
			}
			u, err := req.URL.Parse(loc)
			if err != nil {
				resp.closeBody()
				return nil, uerr(fmt.Errorf("failed to parse Location header %q: %v", loc, err))
			}
			host := ""
			if req.Host != "" && req.Host != req.URL.Host {
				// If the caller specified a custom Host header and the
				// redirect location is relative, preserve the Host header
				// through the redirect. See issue #22233.
				if u, _ := url.Parse(loc); u != nil && !u.IsAbs() {
					host = req.Host
				}
			}
			ireq := reqs[0]
			req = &Request{
				Method:   redirectMethod,
				Response: resp,
				URL:      u,
				Header:   make(Header),
				Host:     host,
				Cancel:   ireq.Cancel,
				ctx:      ireq.ctx,
			}
			if includeBody && ireq.GetBody != nil {
				req.Body, err = ireq.GetBody()
				if err != nil {
					resp.closeBody()
					return nil, uerr(err)
				}
				req.ContentLength = ireq.ContentLength
			}

			// Copy original headers before setting the Referer,
			// in case the user set Referer on their first request.
			// If they really want to override, they can do it in
			// their CheckRedirect func.
			copyHeaders(req)

			// Add the Referer header from the most recent
			// request URL to the new one, if it's not https->http:
			if ref := refererForURL(reqs[len(reqs)-1].URL, req.URL); ref != "" {
				req.Header.Set("Referer", ref)
			}
			err = c.checkRedirect(req, reqs)

			// Sentinel error to let users select the
			// previous response, without closing its
			// body. See Issue 10069.
			if err == ErrUseLastResponse {
				return resp, nil
			}

			// Close the previous response's body. But
			// read at least some of the body so if it's
			// small the underlying TCP connection will be
			// re-used. No need to check for errors: if it
			// fails, the Transport won't reuse it anyway.
			const maxBodySlurpSize = 2 << 10
			if resp.ContentLength == -1 || resp.ContentLength <= maxBodySlurpSize {
				io.CopyN(ioutil.Discard, resp.Body, maxBodySlurpSize)
			}
			resp.Body.Close()

			if err != nil {
				// Special case for Go 1 compatibility: return both the response
				// and an error if the CheckRedirect function failed.
				// See https://golang.org/issue/3795
				// The resp.Body has already been closed.
				ue := uerr(err)
				ue.(*url.Error).URL = loc
				return resp, ue
			}
		}

		reqs = append(reqs, req)
		var err error
		var didTimeout func() bool
		if resp, didTimeout, err = c.send(req, deadline); err != nil {
			// c.send() always closes req.Body
			reqBodyClosed = true
			if !deadline.IsZero() && didTimeout() {
				err = &httpError{
					// TODO: early in cycle: s/Client.Timeout exceeded/timeout or context cancelation/
					err:     err.Error() + " (Client.Timeout exceeded while awaiting headers)",
					timeout: true,
				}
			}
			return nil, uerr(err)
		}

		var shouldRedirect bool
		redirectMethod, shouldRedirect, includeBody = redirectBehavior(req.Method, resp, reqs[0])
		if !shouldRedirect {
			return resp, nil
		}

		req.closeBody()
	}
}

func (c *Client) send(req *Request, deadline time.Time) (resp *Response, didTimeout func() bool, err error) {
	if c.Jar != nil {
		for _, cookie := range c.Jar.Cookies(req.URL) {
			req.AddCookie(cookie)
		}
	}
	resp, didTimeout, err = send(req, c.transport(), deadline)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, didTimeout, err
	}
	if c.Jar != nil {
		if rc := resp.Cookies(); len(rc) > 0 {
			c.Jar.SetCookies(req.URL, rc)
		}
	}
	return resp, nil, nil
}

func send(ireq *Request, rt RoundTripper, deadline time.Time) (resp *Response, didTimeout func() bool, err error) {
	req := ireq // req is either the original request, or a modified fork

	if rt == nil {
		req.closeBody()
		return nil, alwaysFalse, errors.New("http: no Client.Transport or DefaultTransport")
	}

	if req.URL == nil {
		req.closeBody()
		return nil, alwaysFalse, errors.New("http: nil Request.URL")
	}

	if req.RequestURI != "" {
		req.closeBody()
		return nil, alwaysFalse, errors.New("http: Request.RequestURI can't be set in client requests.")
	}

	// forkReq forks req into a shallow clone of ireq the first
	// time it's called.
	forkReq := func() {
		if ireq == req {
			req = new(Request)
			*req = *ireq // shallow clone
		}
	}

	// Most the callers of send (Get, Post, et al) don't need
	// Headers, leaving it uninitialized. We guarantee to the
	// Transport that this has been initialized, though.
	if req.Header == nil {
		forkReq()
		req.Header = make(Header)
	}

	if u := req.URL.User; u != nil && req.Header.Get("Authorization") == "" {
		username := u.Username()
		password, _ := u.Password()
		forkReq()
		req.Header = ireq.Header.clone()
		req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Basic "+basicAuth(username, password))
	}

	if !deadline.IsZero() {
		forkReq()
	}
	stopTimer, didTimeout := setRequestCancel(req, rt, deadline)
	// 处理 req
	resp, err = rt.RoundTrip(req)
	if err != nil {
		stopTimer()
		if resp != nil {
			log.Printf("RoundTripper returned a response & error; ignoring response")
		}
		if tlsErr, ok := err.(tls.RecordHeaderError); ok {
			// If we get a bad TLS record header, check to see if the
			// response looks like HTTP and give a more helpful error.
			// See golang.org/issue/11111.
			if string(tlsErr.RecordHeader[:]) == "HTTP/" {
				err = errors.New("http: server gave HTTP response to HTTPS client")
			}
		}
		return nil, didTimeout, err
	}
	if !deadline.IsZero() {
		resp.Body = &cancelTimerBody{
			stop:          stopTimer,
			rc:            resp.Body,
			reqDidTimeout: didTimeout,
		}
	}
	return resp, nil, nil
}

func (t *Transport) roundTrip(req *Request) (*Response, error) {
	t.nextProtoOnce.Do(t.onceSetNextProtoDefaults)
	ctx := req.Context()
	trace := httptrace.ContextClientTrace(ctx)

	if req.URL == nil {
		req.closeBody()
		return nil, errors.New("http: nil Request.URL")
	}
	if req.Header == nil {
		req.closeBody()
		return nil, errors.New("http: nil Request.Header")
	}
	scheme := req.URL.Scheme
	isHTTP := scheme == "http" || scheme == "https"
	if isHTTP {
		for k, vv := range req.Header {
			if !httpguts.ValidHeaderFieldName(k) {
				return nil, fmt.Errorf("net/http: invalid header field name %q", k)
			}
			for _, v := range vv {
				if !httpguts.ValidHeaderFieldValue(v) {
					return nil, fmt.Errorf("net/http: invalid header field value %q for key %v", v, k)
				}
			}
		}
	}

	if t.useRegisteredProtocol(req) {
		altProto, _ := t.altProto.Load().(map[string]RoundTripper)
		if altRT := altProto[scheme]; altRT != nil {
			if resp, err := altRT.RoundTrip(req); err != ErrSkipAltProtocol {
				return resp, err
			}
		}
	}
	if !isHTTP {
		req.closeBody()
		return nil, &badStringError{"unsupported protocol scheme", scheme}
	}
	if req.Method != "" && !validMethod(req.Method) {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("net/http: invalid method %q", req.Method)
	}
	if req.URL.Host == "" {
		req.closeBody()
		return nil, errors.New("http: no Host in request URL")
	}

	for {
		select {
		case <-ctx.Done():
			req.closeBody()
			return nil, ctx.Err()
		default:
		}

		// treq gets modified by roundTrip, so we need to recreate for each retry.
		treq := &transportRequest{Request: req, trace: trace}
		cm, err := t.connectMethodForRequest(treq)
		if err != nil {
			req.closeBody()
			return nil, err
		}

        // 获取一个连接从缓存或者是新建
		pconn, err := t.getConn(treq, cm)
		if err != nil {
			t.setReqCanceler(req, nil)
			req.closeBody()
			return nil, err
		}

		var resp *Response
		if pconn.alt != nil {
			// HTTP/2 path.
			t.decHostConnCount(cm.key()) // don't count cached http2 conns toward conns per host
			t.setReqCanceler(req, nil)   // not cancelable with CancelRequest
			resp, err = pconn.alt.RoundTrip(req)
		} else {
			// 处理req和resp
			resp, err = pconn.roundTrip(treq)
		}
		if err == nil {
			return resp, nil
		}
		if !pconn.shouldRetryRequest(req, err) {
			// Issue 16465: return underlying net.Conn.Read error from peek,
			// as we've historically done.
			if e, ok := err.(transportReadFromServerError); ok {
				err = e.err
			}
			return nil, err
		}
		testHookRoundTripRetried()

		// Rewind the body if we're able to.
		if req.GetBody != nil {
			newReq := *req
			var err error
			newReq.Body, err = req.GetBody()
			if err != nil {
				return nil, err
			}
			req = &newReq
		}
	}
}

func (t *Transport) getConn(treq *transportRequest, cm connectMethod) (*persistConn, error) {
	req := treq.Request
	trace := treq.trace
	ctx := req.Context()
	if trace != nil && trace.GetConn != nil {
		trace.GetConn(cm.addr())
	}
	// 获取空闲连接
	if pc, idleSince := t.getIdleConn(cm); pc != nil {
		if trace != nil && trace.GotConn != nil {
			trace.GotConn(pc.gotIdleConnTrace(idleSince))
		}
		// set request canceler to some non-nil function so we
		// can detect whether it was cleared between now and when
		// we enter roundTrip
		t.setReqCanceler(req, func(error) {})
		return pc, nil
	}

	type dialRes struct {
		pc  *persistConn
		err error
	}
	dialc := make(chan dialRes)
	cmKey := cm.key()

	// Copy these hooks so we don't race on the postPendingDial in
	// the goroutine we launch. Issue 11136.
	testHookPrePendingDial := testHookPrePendingDial
	testHookPostPendingDial := testHookPostPendingDial

	handlePendingDial := func() {
		testHookPrePendingDial()
		go func() {
			if v := <-dialc; v.err == nil {
				t.putOrCloseIdleConn(v.pc)
			} else {
				t.decHostConnCount(cmKey)
			}
			testHookPostPendingDial()
		}()
	}

	cancelc := make(chan error, 1)
	t.setReqCanceler(req, func(err error) { cancelc <- err })
	// 如果连接超过每个host最大允许连接，则阻塞的获取连接
	if t.MaxConnsPerHost > 0 {
		select {
		case <-t.incHostConnCount(cmKey):
			// 判断每个host最大连接有没有设置或者有没有超过限制，如果都没满足，则继续
		case pc := <-t.getIdleConnCh(cm):
			if trace != nil && trace.GotConn != nil {
				trace.GotConn(httptrace.GotConnInfo{Conn: pc.conn, Reused: pc.isReused()})
			}
			return pc, nil
		case <-req.Cancel:
			return nil, errRequestCanceledConn
		case <-req.Context().Done():
			return nil, req.Context().Err()
		case err := <-cancelc:
			if err == errRequestCanceled {
				err = errRequestCanceledConn
			}
			return nil, err
		}
	}

    // 没有空闲的连接，需要新建
	go func() {
		pc, err := t.dialConn(ctx, cm)
		dialc <- dialRes{pc, err}
	}()

	idleConnCh := t.getIdleConnCh(cm)
	select {
	case v := <-dialc:
		// Our dial finished.
		if v.pc != nil {
			if trace != nil && trace.GotConn != nil && v.pc.alt == nil {
				trace.GotConn(httptrace.GotConnInfo{Conn: v.pc.conn})
			}
			return v.pc, nil
		}
		// Our dial failed. See why to return a nicer error
		// value.
		t.decHostConnCount(cmKey)
		select {
		case <-req.Cancel:
			// It was an error due to cancelation, so prioritize that
			// error value. (Issue 16049)
			return nil, errRequestCanceledConn
		case <-req.Context().Done():
			return nil, req.Context().Err()
		case err := <-cancelc:
			if err == errRequestCanceled {
				err = errRequestCanceledConn
			}
			return nil, err
		default:
			// It wasn't an error due to cancelation, so
			// return the original error message:
			return nil, v.err
		}
	case pc := <-idleConnCh:
		// Another request finished first and its net.Conn
		// became available before our dial. Or somebody
		// else's dial that they didn't use.
		// But our dial is still going, so give it away
		// when it finishes:
		handlePendingDial()
		if trace != nil && trace.GotConn != nil {
			trace.GotConn(httptrace.GotConnInfo{Conn: pc.conn, Reused: pc.isReused()})
		}
		return pc, nil
	case <-req.Cancel:
		handlePendingDial()
		return nil, errRequestCanceledConn
	case <-req.Context().Done():
		handlePendingDial()
		return nil, req.Context().Err()
	case err := <-cancelc:
		handlePendingDial()
		if err == errRequestCanceled {
			err = errRequestCanceledConn
		}
		return nil, err
	}
}

func (t *Transport) getIdleConn(cm connectMethod) (pconn *persistConn, idleSince time.Time) {
	key := cm.key()
	t.idleMu.Lock()
	defer t.idleMu.Unlock()
	for {
        // 从idleConn获取空闲连接
		pconns, ok := t.idleConn[key]
		if !ok {
			return nil, time.Time{}
        }
        // 只有一个空闲连接
		if len(pconns) == 1 {
			pconn = pconns[0]
			delete(t.idleConn, key)
		} else {
            // 有2个或者2个以上空闲连接，用最近的的
			pconn = pconns[len(pconns)-1]
			t.idleConn[key] = pconns[:len(pconns)-1]
		}
		// 从idle cache中删除该连接
        t.idleLRU.remove(pconn)
		if pconn.isBroken() {
            // 有小概率，连接已消亡和removeIdleConn
			// There is a tiny window where this is
			// possible, between the connecting dying and
			// the persistConn readLoop calling
			// Transport.removeIdleConn. Just skip it and
			// carry on.
			continue
		}
		return pconn, pconn.idleAt
	}
}

func (t *Transport) getIdleConnCh(cm connectMethod) chan *persistConn {
	if t.DisableKeepAlives {
		return nil
	}
	key := cm.key()
	t.idleMu.Lock()
	defer t.idleMu.Unlock()
	t.wantIdle = false
	if t.idleConnCh == nil {
		t.idleConnCh = make(map[connectMethodKey]chan *persistConn)
	}
	ch, ok := t.idleConnCh[key]
	if !ok {
		ch = make(chan *persistConn)
		t.idleConnCh[key] = ch
	}
	return ch
}

func (t *Transport) dialConn(ctx context.Context, cm connectMethod) (*persistConn, error) {
	// 新建persistConn
	pconn := &persistConn{
		t:             t,
		cacheKey:      cm.key(),
		reqch:         make(chan requestAndChan, 1),
		writech:       make(chan writeRequest, 1),
		closech:       make(chan struct{}),
		writeErrCh:    make(chan error, 1),
		writeLoopDone: make(chan struct{}),
	}
	trace := httptrace.ContextClientTrace(ctx)
	wrapErr := func(err error) error {
		if cm.proxyURL != nil {
			// Return a typed error, per Issue 16997
			return &net.OpError{Op: "proxyconnect", Net: "tcp", Err: err}
		}
		return err
	}
	if cm.scheme() == "https" && t.DialTLS != nil {
		var err error
		pconn.conn, err = t.DialTLS("tcp", cm.addr())
		if err != nil {
			return nil, wrapErr(err)
		}
		if pconn.conn == nil {
			return nil, wrapErr(errors.New("net/http: Transport.DialTLS returned (nil, nil)"))
		}
		if tc, ok := pconn.conn.(*tls.Conn); ok {
			// Handshake here, in case DialTLS didn't. TLSNextProto below
			// depends on it for knowing the connection state.
			if trace != nil && trace.TLSHandshakeStart != nil {
				trace.TLSHandshakeStart()
			}
			if err := tc.Handshake(); err != nil {
				go pconn.conn.Close()
				if trace != nil && trace.TLSHandshakeDone != nil {
					trace.TLSHandshakeDone(tls.ConnectionState{}, err)
				}
				return nil, err
			}
			cs := tc.ConnectionState()
			if trace != nil && trace.TLSHandshakeDone != nil {
				trace.TLSHandshakeDone(cs, nil)
			}
			pconn.tlsState = &cs
		}
	} else {
		// 新建连接
		conn, err := t.dial(ctx, "tcp", cm.addr())
		if err != nil {
			return nil, wrapErr(err)
		}
		pconn.conn = conn
		if cm.scheme() == "https" {
			var firstTLSHost string
			if firstTLSHost, _, err = net.SplitHostPort(cm.addr()); err != nil {
				return nil, wrapErr(err)
			}
			if err = pconn.addTLS(firstTLSHost, trace); err != nil {
				return nil, wrapErr(err)
			}
		}
	}

	// Proxy setup.
	// 忽略...

	if t.MaxConnsPerHost > 0 {
		// 封装连接·
		pconn.conn = &connCloseListener{Conn: pconn.conn, t: t, cmKey: pconn.cacheKey}
	}
	pconn.br = bufio.NewReader(pconn)
    pconn.bw = bufio.NewWriter(persistConnWriter{pconn})
    // 开启两个loop
	go pconn.readLoop()
	go pconn.writeLoop()
	return pconn, nil
}

func (pc *persistConn) roundTrip(req *transportRequest) (resp *Response, err error) {
	testHookEnterRoundTrip()
	if !pc.t.replaceReqCanceler(req.Request, pc.cancelRequest) {
		pc.t.putOrCloseIdleConn(pc)
		return nil, errRequestCanceled
	}
	pc.mu.Lock()
	pc.numExpectedResponses++
	headerFn := pc.mutateHeaderFunc
	pc.mu.Unlock()

	if headerFn != nil {
		headerFn(req.extraHeaders())
	}

	// Ask for a compressed version if the caller didn't set their
	// own value for Accept-Encoding. We only attempt to
	// uncompress the gzip stream if we were the layer that
	// requested it.
	requestedGzip := false
	if !pc.t.DisableCompression &&
		req.Header.Get("Accept-Encoding") == "" &&
		req.Header.Get("Range") == "" &&
		req.Method != "HEAD" {
		// Request gzip only, not deflate. Deflate is ambiguous and
		// not as universally supported anyway.
		// See: https://zlib.net/zlib_faq.html#faq39
		//
		// Note that we don't request this for HEAD requests,
		// due to a bug in nginx:
		//   https://trac.nginx.org/nginx/ticket/358
		//   https://golang.org/issue/5522
		//
		// We don't request gzip if the request is for a range, since
		// auto-decoding a portion of a gzipped document will just fail
		// anyway. See https://golang.org/issue/8923
		requestedGzip = true
		req.extraHeaders().Set("Accept-Encoding", "gzip")
	}

	var continueCh chan struct{}
	if req.ProtoAtLeast(1, 1) && req.Body != nil && req.expectsContinue() {
		continueCh = make(chan struct{}, 1)
	}

	if pc.t.DisableKeepAlives && !req.wantsClose() {
		req.extraHeaders().Set("Connection", "close")
	}

	gone := make(chan struct{})
	defer close(gone)

	defer func() {
		if err != nil {
			pc.t.setReqCanceler(req.Request, nil)
		}
	}()

	const debugRoundTrip = false

	// Write the request concurrently with waiting for a response,
	// in case the server decides to reply before reading our full
	// request body.
	startBytesWritten := pc.nwrite
	writeErrCh := make(chan error, 1)
	// 将请求写入writech，有writeLoop
	pc.writech <- writeRequest{req, writeErrCh, continueCh}

	resc := make(chan responseAndError)
	// 写入reqch， 由readLoop读取
	pc.reqch <- requestAndChan{
		req:        req.Request,
		ch:         resc,
		addedGzip:  requestedGzip,
		continueCh: continueCh,
		callerGone: gone,
	}

	var respHeaderTimer <-chan time.Time
	cancelChan := req.Request.Cancel
	ctxDoneChan := req.Context().Done()
	for {
		testHookWaitResLoop()
		select {
		case err := <-writeErrCh:
			if debugRoundTrip {
				req.logf("writeErrCh resv: %T/%#v", err, err)
			}
			if err != nil {
				pc.close(fmt.Errorf("write error: %v", err))
				return nil, pc.mapRoundTripError(req, startBytesWritten, err)
			}
			if d := pc.t.ResponseHeaderTimeout; d > 0 {
				if debugRoundTrip {
					req.logf("starting timer for %v", d)
				}
				timer := time.NewTimer(d)
				defer timer.Stop() // prevent leaks
				respHeaderTimer = timer.C
			}
		case <-pc.closech:
			if debugRoundTrip {
				req.logf("closech recv: %T %#v", pc.closed, pc.closed)
			}
			return nil, pc.mapRoundTripError(req, startBytesWritten, pc.closed)
		case <-respHeaderTimer:
			if debugRoundTrip {
				req.logf("timeout waiting for response headers.")
			}
			pc.close(errTimeout)
			return nil, errTimeout
		case re := <-resc:
			if (re.res == nil) == (re.err == nil) {
				panic(fmt.Sprintf("internal error: exactly one of res or err should be set; nil=%v", re.res == nil))
			}
			if debugRoundTrip {
				req.logf("resc recv: %p, %T/%#v", re.res, re.err, re.err)
			}
			if re.err != nil {
				return nil, pc.mapRoundTripError(req, startBytesWritten, re.err)
			}
			return re.res, nil
		case <-cancelChan:
			pc.t.CancelRequest(req.Request)
			cancelChan = nil
		case <-ctxDoneChan:
			pc.t.cancelRequest(req.Request, req.Context().Err())
			cancelChan = nil
			ctxDoneChan = nil
		}
	}
}

func (pc *persistConn) readLoop() {
	closeErr := errReadLoopExiting // default value, if not changed below
	defer func() {
		pc.close(closeErr)
		pc.t.removeIdleConn(pc)
	}()

    // 将空闲连接放入到idleConn
	tryPutIdleConn := func(trace *httptrace.ClientTrace) bool {
		if err := pc.t.tryPutIdleConn(pc); err != nil {
			closeErr = err
			if trace != nil && trace.PutIdleConn != nil && err != errKeepAlivesDisabled {
				trace.PutIdleConn(err)
			}
			return false
		}
		if trace != nil && trace.PutIdleConn != nil {
			trace.PutIdleConn(nil)
		}
		return true
	}

	// eofc is used to block caller goroutines reading from Response.Body
	// at EOF until this goroutines has (potentially) added the connection
	// back to the idle pool.
	// eofc是个无缓存的chan
	eofc := make(chan struct{})
	defer close(eofc) // unblock reader on errors

	// Read this once, before loop starts. (to avoid races in tests)
	testHookMu.Lock()
	testHookReadLoopBeforeNextRead := testHookReadLoopBeforeNextRead
	testHookMu.Unlock()

	alive := true
	for alive {
		pc.readLimit = pc.maxHeaderResponseSize()
		_, err := pc.br.Peek(1)

		pc.mu.Lock()
		if pc.numExpectedResponses == 0 {
			pc.readLoopPeekFailLocked(err)
			pc.mu.Unlock()
			return
		}
		pc.mu.Unlock()

		rc := <-pc.reqch
		trace := httptrace.ContextClientTrace(rc.req.Context())

		var resp *Response
		if err == nil {
			resp, err = pc.readResponse(rc, trace)
		} else {
			err = transportReadFromServerError{err}
			closeErr = err
		}

		if err != nil {
			if pc.readLimit <= 0 {
				err = fmt.Errorf("net/http: server response headers exceeded %d bytes; aborted", pc.maxHeaderResponseSize())
			}

			select {
			case rc.ch <- responseAndError{err: err}:
			case <-rc.callerGone:
				return
			}
			return
		}
		pc.readLimit = maxInt64 // effictively no limit for response bodies

		pc.mu.Lock()
		pc.numExpectedResponses--
		pc.mu.Unlock()

		bodyWritable := resp.bodyIsWritable()
		hasBody := rc.req.Method != "HEAD" && resp.ContentLength != 0

		if resp.Close || rc.req.Close || resp.StatusCode <= 199 || bodyWritable {
			// Don't do keep-alive on error if either party requested a close
			// or we get an unexpected informational (1xx) response.
			// StatusCode 100 is already handled above.
			alive = false
		}

		if !hasBody || bodyWritable {
			pc.t.setReqCanceler(rc.req, nil)

			// Put the idle conn back into the pool before we send the response
			// so if they process it quickly and make another request, they'll
			// get this same conn. But we use the unbuffered channel 'rc'
			// to guarantee that persistConn.roundTrip got out of its select
			// potentially waiting for this persistConn to close.
			// but after
			alive = alive &&
				!pc.sawEOF &&
				pc.wroteRequest() &&
				tryPutIdleConn(trace)

			if bodyWritable {
				closeErr = errCallerOwnsConn
			}

			select {
			case rc.ch <- responseAndError{res: resp}:
			case <-rc.callerGone:
				return
			}

			// Now that they've read from the unbuffered channel, they're safely
			// out of the select that also waits on this goroutine to die, so
			// we're allowed to exit now if needed (if alive is false)
			testHookReadLoopBeforeNextRead()
			continue
		}

		waitForBodyRead := make(chan bool, 2)
		body := &bodyEOFSignal{
			body: resp.Body,
			earlyCloseFn: func() error {
				waitForBodyRead <- false
				<-eofc // will be closed by deferred call at the end of the function
				return nil

			},
			fn: func(err error) error {
				isEOF := err == io.EOF
				waitForBodyRead <- isEOF
				if isEOF {
					<-eofc // see comment above eofc declaration
				} else if err != nil {
					if cerr := pc.canceled(); cerr != nil {
						return cerr
					}
				}
				return err
			},
		}

		resp.Body = body
		if rc.addedGzip && strings.EqualFold(resp.Header.Get("Content-Encoding"), "gzip") {
			resp.Body = &gzipReader{body: body}
			resp.Header.Del("Content-Encoding")
			resp.Header.Del("Content-Length")
			resp.ContentLength = -1
			resp.Uncompressed = true
		}

		select {
		case rc.ch <- responseAndError{res: resp}:
		case <-rc.callerGone:
			return
		}

		// Before looping back to the top of this function and peeking on
		// the bufio.Reader, wait for the caller goroutine to finish
		// reading the response body. (or for cancelation or death)
		select {
		case bodyEOF := <-waitForBodyRead:
			pc.t.setReqCanceler(rc.req, nil) // before pc might return to idle pool
			alive = alive &&
				bodyEOF &&
				!pc.sawEOF &&
				pc.wroteRequest() &&
				tryPutIdleConn(trace)
			if bodyEOF {
				eofc <- struct{}{}
			}
		case <-rc.req.Cancel:
			alive = false
			pc.t.CancelRequest(rc.req)
		case <-rc.req.Context().Done():
			alive = false
			pc.t.cancelRequest(rc.req, rc.req.Context().Err())
		case <-pc.closech:
			alive = false
		}

		testHookReadLoopBeforeNextRead()
	}
}

func (pc *persistConn) writeLoop() {
	defer close(pc.writeLoopDone)
	for {
		select {
		case wr := <-pc.writech:
			startBytesWritten := pc.nwrite
			err := wr.req.Request.write(pc.bw, pc.isProxy, wr.req.extra, pc.waitForContinue(wr.continueCh))
			if bre, ok := err.(requestBodyReadError); ok {
				err = bre.error
				// Errors reading from the user's
				// Request.Body are high priority.
				// Set it here before sending on the
				// channels below or calling
				// pc.close() which tears town
				// connections and causes other
				// errors.
				wr.req.setError(err)
			}
			if err == nil {
				err = pc.bw.Flush()
			}
			if err != nil {
				wr.req.Request.closeBody()
				if pc.nwrite == startBytesWritten {
					err = nothingWrittenError{err}
				}
			}
			pc.writeErrCh <- err // to the body reader, which might recycle us
			wr.ch <- err         // to the roundTrip function
			if err != nil {
				pc.close(err)
				return
			}
		case <-pc.closech:
			return
		}
	}
}

func (es *bodyEOFSignal) Close() error {
	es.mu.Lock()
	defer es.mu.Unlock()
	if es.closed {
		return nil
	}
	es.closed = true
	// 关闭
	if es.earlyCloseFn != nil && es.rerr != io.EOF {
		return es.earlyCloseFn()
	}
	err := es.body.Close()
	return es.condfn(err)
}

		body := &bodyEOFSignal{
			body: resp.Body,
			earlyCloseFn: func() error {
				waitForBodyRead <- false
				<-eofc // will be closed by deferred call at the end of the function
				return nil

			},
			fn: func(err error) error {
				isEOF := err == io.EOF
				waitForBodyRead <- isEOF
				if isEOF {
					<-eofc // see comment above eofc declaration
				} else if err != nil {
					if cerr := pc.canceled(); cerr != nil {
						return cerr
					}
				}
				return err
			},
		}

	defer func() {
		pc.close(closeErr)
		pc.t.removeIdleConn(pc)
	}()

    tryPutIdleConn := func(trace *httptrace.ClientTrace) bool {
		if err := pc.t.tryPutIdleConn(pc); err != nil {
			closeErr = err
			if trace != nil && trace.PutIdleConn != nil && err != errKeepAlivesDisabled {
				trace.PutIdleConn(err)
			}
			return false
		}
		if trace != nil && trace.PutIdleConn != nil {
			trace.PutIdleConn(nil)
		}
		return true
	}

func (pc *persistConn) close(err error) {
	pc.mu.Lock()
	defer pc.mu.Unlock()
	pc.closeLocked(err)
}

func (pc *persistConn) closeLocked(err error) {
	if err == nil {
		panic("nil error")
	}
	pc.broken = true
	if pc.closed == nil {
		pc.closed = err
		if pc.alt != nil {
			// Do nothing; can only get here via getConn's
			// handlePendingDial's putOrCloseIdleConn when
			// it turns out the abandoned connection in
			// flight ended up negotiating an alternate
			// protocol. We don't use the connection
			// freelist for http2. That's done by the
			// alternate protocol's RoundTripper.
		} else {
			if err != errCallerOwnsConn {
				pc.conn.Close()
			}
			close(pc.closech)
		}
	}
	pc.mutateHeaderFunc = nil
}